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Capacitors – Complete Formula, Traps & Question Profiling

Capacitors – Complete Formula, Traps & Question Profiling (JEE Main Only)

1. Basic Concept of Capacitor

  • Capacitor: Device to store electric charge
  • Consists of two conductors separated by dielectric

C = Q / V

  • SI unit → Farad (F)
  • 1 μF = 10⁻⁶ F

2. Parallel Plate Capacitor

C = ε₀ A / d

  • A → area of plates
  • d → separation

With dielectric (k):

C = k ε₀ A / d

3. Effect of Dielectric

  • Capacitance increases k times
  • Electric field reduces: E = E₀ / k
  • Potential reduces: V = V₀ / k

Dielectric constant:

k = ε / ε₀

4. Series & Parallel Combination

Series:

1/Ceq = 1/C₁ + 1/C₂ + ...

  • Charge same on each capacitor
  • V distributes

Parallel:

Ceq = C₁ + C₂ + ...

  • Potential same
  • Charge distributes

5. Energy Stored in Capacitor

U = ½ C V²

U = Q² / (2C)

U = ½ QV

Energy density:

u = ½ ε E²

6. Capacitor with Battery Connected / Disconnected

Battery connected:

  • V constant
  • Q increases with dielectric
  • Energy increases

Battery disconnected:

  • Q constant
  • V decreases
  • Energy decreases

7. Capacitor with Partially Filled Dielectric

  • Treat as series combination
  • Area-wise filling → parallel combination

Key JEE idea: Identify orientation of dielectric first

8. Electric Field Between Plates

E = V / d

Without dielectric: E₀ = σ / ε₀
With dielectric: E = σ / ε

9. Force Between Capacitor Plates

F = ½ ε₀ A E²

  • Always attractive
  • Independent of charge sign

10. Charging & Discharging (Basic)

  • Q(t) = Q₀(1 − e⁻ᵗ/RC)
  • V(t) = V₀(1 − e⁻ᵗ/RC)
  • Time constant τ = RC

JEE Main: Mostly conceptual, not graph-heavy

11. JEE Main Question Profiling

Question Type JEE Focus Common Trap
Direct C formula ε₀A/d Forgetting dielectric
Series/Parallel Charge vs voltage logic Using wrong combination
Dielectric insertion Battery ON/OFF Wrong constant assumption
Energy change ½CV² logic Using Q constant wrongly
Partially filled dielectric Geometry understanding Not splitting capacitor
Force between plates E² dependence Using Coulomb force

12. JEE Main Weightage Insight

  • 1–2 questions guaranteed
  • Mostly formula + logic based
  • High ROI chapter if concepts clear

StudyBeacon • JEE Main Physics • Capacitor Master Sheet

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