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  Electrochemistry – Complete Formula Sheet (JEE Main Only) 1. Electrochemical (Galvanic) Cell Oxidation → Anode (−) Reduction → Cathode (+) Electron flow: Anode → Cathode Cell Representation: Anode | Anode electrolyte || Cathode electrolyte | Cathode Zn | Zn²⁺ || Cu²⁺ | Cu 2. Electrode Potential & Electrochemical Series Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE): H⁺(1M) | H₂(1 atm) | Pt(s) E° = 0 V More +ve SRP → Strong oxidising agent More −ve SRP → Strong reducing agent Low SRP metals → Highly reactive 3. EMF of a Cell Formula: E° cell = E° cathode − E° anode E cell = RP cathode + OP anode Spontaneity: E° cell > 0 → Spontaneous E° cell < 0 → Non-spontaneous 4. Nernst Equation E cell = E° cell − (0.0591 / n) log Q Example: Zn | Zn²⁺ || Cu²⁺ | Cu E cell = E° cell − (0.0591 / 2) log ([Zn²⁺]/[Cu²⁺]) 5. Relation between EMF, ΔG & Kc ΔG° = −nF E° cell E° cell = (0.0591 / n) log K c Condition Infer...

    Modern Physics – Complete & Elaborated Revision (JEE Main) Modern Physics explains physical phenomena where classical physics fails. In JEE Main, this chapter is highly scoring because questions are formula-driven but concept-sensitive . A small misunderstanding leads to a wrong option. 1. Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter Experiments like the photoelectric effect proved that light behaves not only as a wave, but also as a stream of particles called photons . Similarly, matter particles also show wave nature. (A) Photoelectric Effect When light of sufficiently high frequency falls on a metal surface, electrons are emitted instantaneously. This phenomenon cannot be explained using wave theory alone. Einstein’s Photoelectric Equation: $h\nu = \phi + K_{\max}$ Here, $h\nu$ is photon energy, $\phi$ is work function of metal, and $K_{\max}$ is maximum kinetic energy of emitted electrons. Important derived relations: $K_{\max} = h\nu - \p...