Important Formulas for NSEA Stage 1 1. Angular Diameter Formula The angular diameter of an object is given by: $$ \\theta = \\frac{2R}{d} $$ Where: \( R \) = Radius of the object \( d \) = Distance to the object 2. Light Gathering Power of a Telescope Light gathering power is proportional to the area of the objective lens or mirror: $$ \\text{Light gathering power} \\propto D^2 $$ Where: \( D \) = Diameter of the telescope's objective lens or mirror 3. Pressure Calculation The pressure at a point is given by: $$ P = nkT $$ Where: \( n \) = Particle density \( k \) = Boltzmann constant \( T \) = Temperature 4. Distance from Parallax Distance from parallax is calculated using...